Interoduction to Major field crops - Classification of field crops
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1. Classification of field crops
Crop plants are grouped into three main classes according to the range of cultivation.
They are as follows.
1. Garden Crops: Crop plants that are grown on a small scale in gardens such as kitchen gardens, flower gardens and backyard gardens.
2. Plantation Crops: Crop plants that are grown on a larger scale on estates. They are perennial or permanent in nature.
3. Field Crops: Crop plants that are grown on a vast scale. They are mostly seasonal.
Field crops are classified in many ways. According to economic or agrarian or agricultural classification or classification according to use of crop plants and their products, field crops are classified as follows.
1. Cereals crops
2. Oil seeds crops
3. Fiber crops
4. Sugar crops
5. Pulse crops
6. Commercial crops
7. Forage crops
8. Green manure crops
 |
| Fig. Classification of field crops |
1.Cereal Crops
A cereal is generally defined as a cultivated grass grown for their edible starchy grains.
Bulk of staple food crops all over the world comes from this group.
 |
| Fig. Classification of cereal crops |
A. Major Cereal Crops
In general, the larger grains are used as staple food is considered as major cereals.
1. Paddy/Rice : Oryza sativa
2. Wheat : Triticum aestivum
3. Maize/Corn : Zea mays
4. Barley : Hordium vulgare
B. Millets
Millets are a group of small grained cereals which are of minor importance as food
and they have a single cover. Millets are further classified into two groups.
a) Major Millets
1. Sorghum/Jowar/Great millet : Sorghum bicolor
2. Bajra/Pearl millet : Pennisetum typhoides
3. Ragi/Finger millet : Eleusine corcana
b) Minor Millets
1. Foxtail millet/Navane : Setaria italica
2. Little millet/Saame : Panicum milliare
3. Kodo millet/Haraka : Paspalum scrobiculatum
4. Proso millet/Baragu : Panicum millaceum
5. Barnyard millet/Udlu : Echinochloa frumentaceae
2. Oil Seed Crops
Oil seed crops are grown for the purpose of oil. The seeds of these crops are rich in fatty acids and are used to extract vegetable oil to meet edible oil, industrial and plant protection requirements.
 |
| Fig. Classification of oil seed crops |
a) Edible Oil Seed Crops
1. Ground nut/Pea nut : Arachis hypogaea
2. Soybean : Glysine max
3. Sunflower : Helianthus annus
4. Safflower : Carthamus tinctorius
5. Sesamum : Sesamum orientale
6. Niger : Guizotia abyssinica
7. Mustard : Brassica juncea
8. Rape : Brassica campestris
b) Non Edible Oil Seed Crops
1. Linseed/Flax : Linum usitatisium
2. Castor : Recinus comunis
3. Cotton : Gossypium hirsutum
3. Fibre Crops
 |
| Fig. Classification of fibre crops |
A) Fruit Fibres
1. Cotton : Gossypium hirsutum
2. Kaps/Silk cotton : Ceiba pentandra
B) Stem/Stalk/Bast Fibres
1. Jute : Corchorus capsularis
2. Mesta : Hibiscus cannabinus
3. Ramei : Boemeria nivea
4. Roselle : Hibiscus sabdariffa
5. Linseed /flax : Linum usitatisamum
C) Leaf Fibres/ Hard Fibres
1. Sisal : Agave sisalana
2. Henequan : Agava fourcroydes
3. Manila hemp : Musa textiles
4. Sugar Crops
Crops are grown for the production of sugars and starch.
1. Sugarcane : Sacharum officinarum
2. Sugarbeet : Beta vulgaris
5. Pulse Crops
Pulses are grain legumes used as food. On splitting they produce dal which is rich in
protein. They are regarded as building blocks of living organisms for high protein content.
These crops have the unique built in ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in their root
system
 |
| Fig. Classification of pulse crops |
a) Grams
1. Red gram/Pigeon pea : Cajanus cajan
2. Bengal gram/
Chick pea : Cicer arietinum
3. Black gram/Urd : Phaseolus mungo/Vigna mungo
4. Green gram/Mung : Phaseolus aureus/Vigna radiata
5. Horse gram : Macrotyloma uniflorum
b) Beans
1. Soybean : Glysine max
2. Field bean/Avare : Dolichos lablab
3. French bean : Phaseolus vulgare
4. Lima bean/Double bean : Phseolus lunatus
5. Winged bean : Psophocorpus tetragonolobus
6. Cluster bean : Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
7. Moth bean : Vigna aconitifolia
c) Peas
1. Pea : Pisum sativum
2. Cow pea : Vigna unguiculata/V. sinensis
6. Commercial Crops
In these crops, more than 75 per cent of the product is for trade but not for home
consumption.
1. Sugarcane : Saccharum officinarum
2. Cotton : Gossypium hirsututm
3. Tobacco : Nicotiana tabacum
4. Jute : Carchorus capsularis
5. Potato : Solanum tubersosum
7. Forage Crops
Forage crops refer to vegetative matter, fresh or preserved, utilized as feed for
animals. It includes fodder, hay, silage and pastures.
 |
| Fig. Classification of forage crops |
a) Annuals
i) Cereal Fodders
1. Maize : Zea mays
2. Jowar : Sorghum bicolar
3. Bajra : Pennisetum typhoides
4. Barley : Hardium vulgare
5. Oats : Avena sativa
6. Mustard : Brassica oleracea
7. Deenabandhu : Pennisetum pedicillatum
ii) Legume Fodders
1. Cowpea : Vigna unguiculata/V. sinensis
2. Horse gram : Dolichos biflorus
3. Lucerne/Alfa alfa : Medicago sativa
4. Cluster bean/Guar : Cyamopsis tetragonaloba
5. Berseem : Trifolium alexandrium
6. Rice bean : Phaseolus calcaratus
7. Lupins : Lupinus lupins
b) Perennials
1. Rhodes : Chloris gayana
2. Green panic : Panicum maximum cv trichoglume
3. Guinea : Panicum maximum
4. Setaria : Setaria anceps
5. Para : Bracharia mutica
6. Napier : Pennisetum purpureum
7. Signal : Bracharia brizantha
8. Sudan : Sorghum sudanensis
c) Pasture Grasses
1. Anjan : Cenchrus ciliaris
2. Dawalu : Chrysopogon fulvis
3. Marvel : Dicantheum annulatum
4. Pavan : Sehima nervosum
5. Spear : Heteropogon contentus
6. Dhallis : Paspalum notatum
d) Forage Legumes
1. Stylo : Stylosanthes hamata
2. Glysine : Glysine weightii
3. Centro : Centrosema pubescence
4. Calapo : Calapogonium muconoides
5. Glysine : Glysine weightii
6. Green leaf : Desmodium intortum
7. Silver leaf : Desmodium unicatum
e) Forage Climbers
1. Winged bean : Psorocarpus tetragonoloba
2. Velvet bean : Styzolobium deerengianum
3. Dolichos : Dolichos lablab
f) Top Feeds/Browse Plants
1. Agase : Sesbania grandiflora
2. Sesbania/Shevri : S. aegyptica
3. Subabul : Leucana leucocephala
4. Mulberry : Morus alba
5. Erythrina/Harivana : Erythrina indica
8. Green Manure Crops
Green manure crops are those crops which are used for incorporating their plant
tissues into the soil for improving the soil productivity.
 |
| Fig. Classification of green manure crops |
a) In-Situ Green Manure Crops
Green manure crops are grown and incorporated in to the soil of the same field in
which it is grown.
i) Leguminous green manure crops
1. Sunnhemp : Crotalaria juncea
2. Daincha : Sesbania aculeata
3. Sesbania : Sesbania speciosa
4. Indigo : Indigofera tinctoria
5. Wild Indigo : Tephrosia purpurea
6. Cow pea : Vigna unguiculata/V. sinensis
7. Green gram/Mung : Phaseolus aureus/Vigna radiata
8. Black gram/Urd : Phaseolus mungo/Vigna mungo
9. Horse gram : Macrotyloma uniflorum
10. Cluster bean/Guar : Cyamopsis tetragonaloba
11. Berseem : Trifolium alexandrium
ii) Non-leguminous green manure crops
Crops like maize, jowar, barley and oats can be used as green manure crops.
b) Ex-situ Green Manure Crops /Green Leaf Manure Crops
Green leaves are collected from all the available sources and incorporating them in
the soil.
1. Glyrcidia : Glyrcidia maculata
2. Subabul : Leucaena leucocephala
3. Agase : Sesbania grandiflora
4. Pongamia : Pongamia glabra
5. Eupatorium : Chromolaena odorata
6. Neem : Melia azadiracta
7. Cassia : Cassia siamea
8. Ipomea : Ipomoea carnea
9. Yekka : Calotropis gigantia
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